Buterin Credits Bitcoin's Utreexo as Ethereum Researchers Test Native UTXOs

Vitalik Buterin, Ethereum's co-founder, credited Bitcoin developers for the Utreexo project in a post on 16 August, as Ethereum researchers examine whether unspent-transaction-output (UTXO) structures belong in Ethereum's own scaling path. Utreexo replaces a full copy of the spendable-coin set with a compact accumulator plus inclusion proofs, so a node can validate transactions while storing only a few kilobytes of state.

The Ethereum version would not discard the account model. The proposal combines UTXO-style objects with dynamic state, paired with a mempool in which nodes periodically fold transaction-validity proofs into recursive STARKs, a type of succinct cryptographic proof. Individual proofs run to roughly 128 kilobytes, and aggregation is meant to stop bandwidth from rising in step with transaction count.

The direction is consistent with the Lean Ethereum work, which moves toward proving state transitions inside the protocol rather than relying on every node re-executing every transaction. Independent builders are testing the same premise from a clean start. One researcher launched a public testnet in which wallet authorization, state transitions and recursive validity from genesis all run through a single proof stack, and reports a full node verifying the network and producing blocks on an old laptop.

The economic point is about who can run a node. If verification requires a data center, the network's decentralization is nominal, and the security argument reduces to trusting a handful of operators. Statelessness is the design that keeps home verification cheap while throughput rises. Ethereum still holds $41.39 billion of the $75.41 billion in decentralized-finance value tracked by DeFiLlama, so the settlement layer's cost of verification remains the industry's most consequential engineering variable.